Gujarat Board GSEB Solutions Class 12 English Second Language Unit 5 Read 1 Ants Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
GSEB Std 12 English Textbook Solutions Unit 5 Read 1 Ants (2nd Language)
GSEB Class 12 English Ants Text Book Questions and Answers
Comprehension
Underline three sentences and three phrases that gave you a sense of wonder.
(1) While some were carrying up bits of insects, the others went in front and cleared away any sand or small stone that obstructed the way.
(2) The ants at the top (of the anthill) began climing down into the pit backward, each holding the tail end of another ant in front. In this way an ant-chain was soon formed.
(3) The umbrella ants take large pieces of leaf to their nests, where they chew them up nicely and make beds of these chewed leaves, on which fungus grows which acts as food for the ants.
Phrases :
- Ants carrying large pieces of leaf over their heads like umbrella.
- Ants take greenflies, milk them, pressing their sides gently making them give out their honey.
- The black ants have to carry their masters on their backs. How surprisingly human!
2. Tick mark the information about the ants described in this Read.
[ ✗ ] Ants are miserable.
[ ✓ ] They work as a group.
[ ✗ ] Ants do not work in winter.
[ ✓ ] They follow their master’s order.
[ ✓ ] There are different types of throughout the world.
[ ✗ ] Ants can climb the Everest too.
[ ✓ ] Different ants have different characteristics.
[ ✓ ] Some ants are blind.
[ ✓ ] Some ants live life of slaves.
3. Ants are similar to human beings because…
(1) Intelligence of these tiny creatures is very close to human beings.
(2) Like human beings, the ants do farming by growing fungus on the beds prepared from leaves.
(3) They can accomplish a difficult task with mutual co-operation.
(4) The ants rear the greenflies and ‘milk’ them pressing their sides making them give out honey. Here the greenflies act as ‘cows’ and honey is like ‘milk’. So similar to human beings the ants domesticate cows and milk them.
(5) The red ants found in Europe train the black ants to become their slaves. This act is surprisingly human.
4. Classify phrases from the text according to the roles they play.
(they keep slaves, system like government, domesticate cow, live on leaves of beans, play games, nurse their babies, share work, carry their masters on their back, make beds of chewed leaves, fungus is grown)
Answer:
|
Ants as organizers |
Ants as farmers | Ants as social beings |
Ants as masters/slaves |
| share work, system like government | live on leaves of beans, fungus is grown, domesticate cow, make bed of chewed leaves | play games, nurse their babies | they keep slaves, carry their masters on their backs |
5. Match ‘A’ with ‘B’.
| A’ | ‘B’ |
| 1. South American ants | a. slave ants |
| 2. Cow ants | b. love to eat honey-like liquid |
| 3. Red ants | c. driver ants |
| 4. Black ants | d. king ants |
| 5. African ants | e. umbrella ants |
Answer:
(1 – e), (2 – b), (3 – d), (4 – a), (5 – c).
6. Describe the behaviour of ants in these situations as mentioned in the Read:
(1) Situation : Ants have to carry heavy load and the sides of pit are steep.
Behaviour : Showing the adeptness and intelligence.
(2) Situation : The way to reach the top of the pit is very smooth, steep and without footholds.
Behaviour: Conveying message and yieding to action of co- operation.
(3) Situation : Ants have to grow their food.
Behaviour: Act as farmers having independent attitude.
(4) Situation : Ants like to have honey-like liquid.
Behaviour : Preparing food for themselves.
(5) Situation : Some ants need followers to work for them.
Behaviour: Acting as kings, training slaves.
Write reasons to support for the following statements.
Question 1.
Ants are clever.
Answer:
(1) Ants do farming by carrying large pieces of leaf over their heads to their nests, making beds of it on which fungus grows and later forms to be their food.
(2) There are ants that domesticate ‘cows’ and ‘milk’ them. They extract honey by pressing the sides of the greenfly.
(3) Ants find out ways and means to climb even a smooth and steep rock by cleverly organizing themselves.
Question 2.
Ants have a system like government,
Answer:
(1) Ants play games, nurse their sick and bury their dead.
(2) They see that each one in the nest does ‘l its share of work.
(3) They do not allow anyone to be indolent.
Question 3.
Driver ants are dangerous.
Answer:
(1) They devour any animal that happens to be in their path.
(2) Large animals like tigers and elephants live in fear of them.
(3) If a python, after swallowing its dinner, comes in the way of the ants they eat both the python and its swallowed prey.
Answer the following questions:
Question 1.
What did the ants do to carry heavy food ?
Answer:
The ants had killed some flies and insects down the pit. Carrying these to their anthill was a difficult task. To carry this load they organized themselves. Some carried the bits while other cleared the way by removing sand and small stones coming in the way.
When the load carrying ants were unable to get a foot hold other ants positioned themselves in such a way that the load carrying and could easily climb over them.
Question 2.
Suppose you are playing a role of South American ant, how will you play your role ?
Answer:
As a South American ant, I would be called Umbrella Ant. I would carry large pieces of leaf over my head like umbrella to the nest chewing up the leaves nicely to form a bed on which fungus would grow at a later stage. This would consume as food.
Question 3.
Why do some ants protect green flies ?
Answer:
A green fly plays the role of a cow which can be milked at a later time. They give out sweet honey relished by the ants. So the ants take them to
their nests and protect them. They feed them and then milk them pressing their sides making them give out their honey.
Question 4.
Which ants are called master ants and slave ants ?
Answer:
Certain ants keep other ants as slaves. The Red ants found in Europe are powerful. They act as masters. The black ants, which are smaller in size are taken as slaves by the Red ants.
Question 5.
Which ants are called cow ants ? Why ?
Answer:
There are ants that domesticate ‘cows’ and ‘milk’ them. Honey-like substance is extracted from the green fly by certain ants. They are, therefore, called cow ants.
Question 6.
Do you have sympathy towards servant ants ? How are they treated by their masters ?
Answer:
The behaviour of most creatures depends on instincts. Human beings deal with them emotionally since the red ants abduct the eggs of the black
ants and after hatching them black ants come out they are made to play the role of slaves. However the feeling of sympathy for the black ants arise only because slavery is no more accepted in the modern world.
Question 7.
Are people afraid of driver ants ? Why ?
Answer:
The driver ants of Africa are the most ferocious kind of ants. They march in long lines ; in a very large number. They devour any animal that happens to be in their path.
Large animals like tigers and elephants are afraid of them. If s a python happens to come in their path, it is eaten by them. Babies have also been eaten by them. It is but natural that people are afraid of these ants.
Question 8.
How would you know that an army of ants has passed from this place ?
Answer:
On the arrival of the driver ants people living in that house flee. When they come back to their houses they notice that every insect and spider in the house and on their path has been cleared away.
Question 9.
What should we learn from ants ?
Answer:
The ants teach us many lessons. We should develop the characteristic of hard work avoiding indolence. One should try to overcome all the obstructions that come in our way of progress.
In spite of limitations we should not fail to make progress. We must develop skills while working towards achievements. The qualities of good governance and cooperation should be practised.
(A) Additional Questions and Answers
Answer the following question:
Question 1.
Illustrate adeptness of ants.
Answer:
When ants need to climb a smooth, steep part of their way with load, they organise themselves very cleverly. Of many ants, only one reaches the top. There it meets other ants from the anthill.
Now the ants at the top begin climbing down into the pit backward, each holding the tail end of another ant in front. Thus they form an ant-chain and drop down the step side. When it reaches, the ants waiting with their loads easily climb up the chain and come out at the top.
(B) Short notes
Write short notes focussing on the questions:
(1) Ants have Great Adeptness – Illustrate
- ants as human beings
- ants in a pit
- loaded with bits of their food
- difficult to climb steep way upwards !
- one ant manages to reach the top
- calls other ants
- make an ant-chain
- climb down facilitating the load-bearing ants come up the pit
Answer:
Ants have Great Adeptness – Illustrate :
Now science has found out that the intelligence of ants is very close to human intelligence. Ants work unitedly with team spirit and with great ! adeptness. A scientist observed their following behaviour A number of ants were down in a pit. They had killed some flies and other insects there.
The bits of these insects were to be fetched to their s anthill. The sides of the pit were steep and the loads were heavy. Immediately they organised the work. While some were carrying up the bits of insects, the others went in front clearing away the obstructions in the way. At some points, where it
was difficult to get a foothold, these other ants positioned themselves in such a way that the load-bearing ants could easily climb over them. Near the top of the pit, there was a small part of the way which was completely smooth and steep. Only one ant could reach the top.
She called many other ants from the anthill and made an ant-chain. The ants at the top began climbing down into the pit backward, each holding the tail end of another ant in front. When the ant-chain reached the ants waiting with their loads, the load-bearing ants easily climbed up the chain and came out at the top.
(2) The Driver Ants
- Why are these ants called ‘Driver Ants’ ?
- Are they completely blind ?
- Which large animals live in fear of driver ants ?
- When do the people flee into the forest? ?
- How long do they stay in the forest?
- What do they find after coming back from the forest?
Answer:
The Driver Ants: The ‘driver ants of Africa’ are the most ferocious kind of ants. They have no fixed home but are always on the move.They are completely blind, but they march in long lines, many millions along, and they devour any animal that happens to be in their path.
Even large animals like tigers and elephants live in fear of them. They can even devour a python with its prey in its stomach. There are a number of stories about these ants of eating up babies with the African Villagers.
When an army of the driver ants enters a house, the people flee into 5 the forest and stay there until the ants have passed. When the people come back, they find that every insect and spider in their houses has been cleared away.
(3) Farmer Ants ?
- Where are they found ?
- What do they carry over their heads ?
- What do they bring in their nest?
- What do they do with the leaves?
- What is their food?
Answer:
Farmer Ants : Farmer ants are the ants that do farming. They are found in South America.They are also known as ‘Umbrella Ants’. They are so-called because they often carry large pieces of leaf over their heads like umbrellas. They take these pieces of leaf to their nests. They chew them up nicely there. Afterwards they make beds of these chewed up leaves. On these beds grows a kind of fungus, which is the food of ants.
(C) Reading Comprehension
Read the following extracts and answer the questions:
(1) The ants immediately organised the work in this way: while some were carrying up the bits of insects, the others went in front and cleared away any sand or small stone that obstructed the way.
At some points where it was difficult to get a foothold, these other ants would position themselves in such a way that the ants carrying the loads could easily climb over them.
Questions:
(1) How are the ants organised as far as their work is concerned ?
(2) How do they make climbing easy where there is no foothold ?
Answers :
(1) While some ants are carrying up the bits of insects, the others go in front and clear away any sand or small stone that obstructs the way. This is their organised effort.
(2) At some points it is difficult to get a foothold. At that time, the other ants would position themselves in such a way that the ants carrying the loads can easily climb over them.
(2) Then there are ants that domesticate ‘cows’ and ‘milk’ them ! What we have called ‘cow’ are a kind of green fly. These are found on rose leaves and on the leaves of beans. They give out a sweet honey-like liquid which the ants relish a lot. So the ants take these green flies to their nests and keep them there. They feed them, protect them from their enemies; and they ‘milk’ them, pressing their sides gently and making them give out their honey.
Questions:
(1) Who are cows ? Where are they found ?
(2) How do the ants use these ‘cows’ ?
Answers;
(1) Green flies are ‘cows’. They are found on rose leaves and on the leaves of beAnswer:
(2) Green flies give out a sweet honey-like liquid which ants relish a lot. The ants ‘milk’ them pressing their sides gently and making them give out their honey.
(3) There are ants that keep other ants as ‘slaves. One such type is a powerful red ant which is found in Europe. Their slaves are taken from a type of black ant which is smaller in size. When the red ants want slaves, they ambush the nests of the black ants and abduct some of their eggs.
When these eggs hatch in the red ants’ nests, the black ants which come out are treated as slaves. From their birth they are taught to obey. They are compelled to drudgery – they have even to carry about their masters on their backs. How surprisingly human!
Questions :
(1) How do the red ants get slaves ?
(2) What are the slaves taught ?
Answers :
(1) When the red ants want slaves, they attack the nests of the black ants and abduct same or their eggs. When these eggs hatch in the red ants’ nests, the black ants which come out are treated as slaves.
(2) Right from their birth, the slaves – black ants – are taught to obey. They are compelled to drudgery – they have even to carry about their masters on their backs.
(4) There are ants that keep other ants as slaves. One such type is a powerful red ant which are found in Europe. Their slaves are taken from a type of black ant which is smaller in size. When the red ants want slaves, they ambush the nests of the black ants and abduct some of their eggs.
Questions :
(1) Which type of ants keep other ants as slaves ?
(2) Why do the red ants ambush the nests of the black ants ?
Answers:
(1) Red ants in Europe keep other ants as slaves.
(2) The red ants ambush the nests of the black ants to abduct some of their eggs.
(5) Even large animals like tigers and elephants live in fear of them. Often if a python unable to move after swallowing his dinner, happens to be in the path of the marching line, then these creatures eat both the python and the animal in its stomach. The villagers of Africa tell stories about babies who have been eaten by ants and these stories may be true. When an army of the driver ants enters a house, the people flee into the forest and stay there until the ants have passed. When the people come back, they find that every insect and spider in the house has been cleared away.
Questions :
(1) What is the benefit of driver ants to the villagers ?
(2) What happens with the arrival of driver ants ?
Answers :
(1) Driver ants eat up and clear away every insect and spider from the houses of the villagers.
(2) With the arrival of driver ants, the people flee into the forest and stay there until the ants have passed.
(D) Say True or False
Write whether the following sentences are True or False :
(1) Ants work in a disorganised way.
(2) The Driver ants of America are the most ferocious kind of ants.
(3) The Red ants are most ferocious kind of ants.
(4) The Red ants found in Europe are more powerful.
(5) The black ants have to carry their masters on their backs.
(6) Cow ants give out a sweet honey-like liquid.
(7) Red ants are treated as slaves by black ants.
(8) The umbrella ants do farming.
(9) Intelligence of ants is very close to that of human beings.
(10) The driver ants are always on the move.
(11) Even large animals like tigers and elephants live in fear of the driver ants.
(12) Ants have a highly developed social sense.
Answer:
(1) False
(2) False
(3) False
(4) True
(5) True
(6) False
(7) False
(8) True
(9) True
(10) True
(11) True
(12) True
Ants Summary in Gujarati
આ ગદ્યખંડમાં લેખકે કીડીઓની અપ્રતીમ ઉદ્યમશીલતા, વ્યવસ્થાપન તેમજ સંઘભાવના (સહજીવન) વિશે સોદાહરણ ચર્ચા કરી છે. અંગત રીતે ઓછી ક્ષમતા ધરાવતી કીડીઓ સાથે મળી અશક્યને પણ શક્ય બનાવી શકે છે, એ આ ગદ્યખંડનો સાર છે.
પોતાના કરતાં પણ વધુ વજન ઉપાડી ખાડામાંથી એકબીજાને સહારે બહાર આવતી કીડીઓનો ઉદ્યમ ખરે જ પ્રશંસનીય છે. તેમનું પ્રત્યાયન (Communication Skill) પણ ગજબનું હોય છે. જેનાથી તેઓ ગમે તેવી કઠિન પરિસ્થિતિમાંથી પણ અન્ય કીડીઓની મદદથી બહાર આવી શકે છે.
તેમની બુદ્ધિક્ષમતા (Intelligence) માનવની બુદ્ધિક્ષમતાને સમાન છે એવું પણ એક વૈજ્ઞાનિક તારણ છે. સાઉથ આફ્રિકાની “અંબ્રેલા એન્ટ્સ’ માથા ઉપર ઉપાડી લાવેલાં પાંદડાં પહેલાં ચાવી જાય અને પછી તેની પથારી બનાવે, જેના પર ફૂગ થાય, જે તેમને ખાવાના ઉપયોગમાં આવે.
કેટલીક કીડીઓ “ગ્રીનફ્લાય’ને પકડી લાવી તેમને બે બાજુથી દબાવી, તેમાંથી મધ જેવું પ્રવાહી કાઢે છે અને મોજથી ખાય છે. દરેક કીડી તેને સોંપાયેલું કામ ખંતથી કરે છે. કોઈ કીડીને આળસુ રહેવા દેવાતી નથી. તેઓ રમત રમે છે, માંદાઓની સારવાર કરે છે અને મૃત કડીઓને દાટે પણ છે. આ બધું દર્શાવે છે કે તેમનામાં સુવિકસિત સામાજિક ભાવના છે. યુરોપમાં જોવા મળતી લાલ કીડીઓ અન્ય કીડીઓ(કાળી કીડીઓ)ને ગુલામ તરીકે રાખી તેમની પાસે કામ કરાવે છે.
શું આ માણસ જેવું વર્તન ન ગણાય? આફ્રિકામાં થતી ‘ડ્રાયવર એન્ટ્સ’ વણજારાની જેમ સતત ચાલતી જ રહે છે. આ કીડીઓ લાખોની સંખ્યામાં લાંબી કતારમાં ચાલે છે. તેમના રસ્તામાં વ્યવધાન તરીકે આવનાર વસ્તુઓ પ્રાણીઓને તેઓ ખાઈ જાય છે. ભલે ને પછી તે મહાકાય અજગર હોય.
આ કીડીઓ જોવા મળતાં ગ્રામવાસીઓ પોતાનાં ઘર ખાલી કરી ભાગી જાય છે. આ કીડીઓ ચાલી જતાં પરત ફરે ત્યારે તેમના ઘરમાંથી તમામ જંતુઓ, કરોળિયા વગેરેનો સંપૂર્ણ સફાયો થઈ ગયો હોય છે.
Glossary (શબ્દાર્થ)
Phrases and Idioms
ભાષાંતર
કી રીરનો કીડીઓનો અભ્યાસ કરતા એક વિજ્ઞાનીને (તેમનું) નીચે મુજબનું વર્તન ધ્યાનમાં આવ્યું. ઘણી બધી કીડીઓ એક ખાડામાં નીચે હતી. ત્યાં તેમણે કેટલીક માખીઓ અને અન્ય જંતુઓને ખોરાક માટે મારી નાખેલાં હતાં. તે કીડીઓએ આ જંતુઓના નાના નાના કણ તેમના દર સુધી ખેંચીને લાવવા માંડ્યું.
તેમને માટે આ મહામુશ્કેલ કાર્ય હતું. ખાડાની બાજુઓનાં ચઢાણ અત્યંત સીધાં હતાં, અને કીડીઓના કદને ધ્યાનમાં લેતાં તે અતિશય ભારે બોજ વહન કરી રહી હતી. એ (એવું હતું) જાણે કે એક જૂથનો દરેક માણસ 200 પાઉન્ડનું વજન વહન કરી રહ્યો હતો અને સાથોસાથ ટેકરી પણ ચઢી રહ્યો હતો.
પેલી કીડીઓએ તુરંત એ કામને નીચે મુજબ ગોઠવી દીધું જ્યારે કેટલીક | (કીડીઓ) જેતુઓના કણ ઉપાડી ચઢી રહી હતી, ત્યારે બીજી(કીડી)ઓએ તેમની આગળ જઈ જે રેતી કે પથ્થર તેમના રસ્તામાં નડતાં હતાં તેમને હટાવી દીધાં.
કેટલીક જગ્યાએ જ્યાં પગ ટેકવવા આધાર નહોતો ત્યાં બીજી કીડીઓ એ રીતે ગોઠવાઈ ગઈ કે વજન વહન કરનાર કીડીઓ તેમના ઉપર થઈને સરળતાથી ચઢી શકે.ખાડાને મથાળે રસ્તાનો થોડોક ભાગ સંપૂર્ણપણે લપસણો તેમજ સીધા ચઢાણવાળો હતો.
અહીં ક્યાંય પગ ટેકવવાની જગ્યા નહોતી. પેલી કીડીઓ આ સ્થાને પહોંચી અને તેમનું આગળ વધવાનું રોકાઈ ગયું. – એવું લાગતું હતું જાણે કે, અંતે તેઓ હારી ગઈ.
જે પણ કીડીઓએ આ ભાગ ચઢવાનો પ્રયાસ કર્યો, તેમાંથી માત્ર એક જ ટોચ પર પહોંચી શકી. આ કીડીએ તરત જ રાફડામાંની અનેક કીડીઓને મળીને સંદેશો આપ્યો. અને અહીં સર્જાઈ એક અજબ ઘટના. મથાળે રહેલી આ કીડીઓએ એકબીજાની પૂંઠ પકડીને ખાડામાં ઊતરવા માંડ્યું.
આ રીતે કીડીઓની એક સાંકળ રચાઈ ગઈ અને તે ધીરેથી સીધા ચઢાણવાળા ભાગેથી નીચે તરફ જવા લાગી. તે કીડીઓ જ્યારે રાહ જોતી વજન વહન કરનાર કીડીઓની પાસે પહોંચી કે એ કીડીઓએ એ કીડી-સાંકળ પર સરળતાથી ચઢવા માંડ્યું અને બહાર મથાળે પહોંચી ગઈ.
કીડીઓનું કૌશલ બતાવતા આ પ્રકારના વર્તન ઘણા અભ્યાસુઓના ધ્યાનમાં આવ્યું છે અને તેનો અભ્યાસ કરાયો છે. હવે કીડીઓના જીવન વિશે કેટલીક બાબતો શોધી કાઢી છે, જે દર્શાવે છે કે આ નાનાં પ્રાણીઓની સમજશક્તિ (બુદ્ધિ) એ માનવ સમજશક્તિની અતિ અને તેમની (બંને) બાજુઓ ધીમેથી દબાવી તેમનામાંથી મધ મેળવે છે.
જાણવા મુજબ કીડીઓ રમતો રમે છે, માંદાઓની સારવાર કરે છે અને તેમનામાંના મૃતને દફન કરે છે. તેઓ એ બાબતનું ધ્યાન રાખે છે કે તેમના દરની દરેક કીડી તેના ભાગનું કામ કરે છે અને કોઈને નકામું રહેવા દેવાતું નથી. આ બધું એ સૂચવે છે કે કીડીઓની સામાજિક સૂઝ તેમજ શાસન-પદ્ધતિ સુવિકસિત હોય છે.
એવી પણ કીડીઓ છે જે અન્ય કીડીઓને ગુલામ તરીકે રાખે છે. યુરોપમાં જોવા મળતી લાલ કીડી આ પ્રકારની હોય છે. તેઓ કદમાં નાની એવી કાળી કીડીની એક જાતને તેમની ગુલામ તરીકે રાખે છે. જ્યારે લાલ કીડીઓને ગુલામની જરૂર પડે છે, ત્યારે તેઓ કાળી
અને તેમની (બંને) બાજુઓ ધીમેથી દબાવી તેમનામાંથી મધ મેળવે છે. જાણવા મુજબ કીડીઓ રમતો રમે છે, માંદાઓની સારવાર કરે છે અને તેમનામાંના મૃતને દફન કરે છે. તેઓ એ બાબતનું ધ્યાન રાખે છે કે તેમના દરની દરેક કીડી તેના ભાગનું કામ કરે છે અને કોઈને નકામું રહેવા દેવાતું નથી.
આ બધું એ સૂચવે છે કે કીડીઓની સામાજિક સૂઝ તેમજ શાસન-પદ્ધતિ સુવિકસિત હોય છે. એવી પણ કીડીઓ છે જે અન્ય કીડીઓને ગુલામ તરીકે રાખે છે. યુરોપમાં જોવા મળતી લાલ કીડી આ પ્રકારની હોય છે. તેઓ કદમાં નાની એવી કાળી કીડીની એક જાતને તેમની ગુલામ તરીકે રાખે છે. જ્યારે લાલ કીડીઓને ગુલામની જરૂર પડે છે, ત્યારે તેઓ કાળી
મોટાં પ્રાણીઓ પણ તેમના ભયમાં જીવે છે. ક્યારેક જો કોઈ અજગર ભણ્ય કર્યા બાદ આગળ ખસવા માટે અક્ષમ હોય અને આ કીડીઓના જવાના માર્ગમાં આવતો હોય, તો આ કીડીઓ અજગરને અને (તેની સાથે) તેના પેટમાં રહેલા ભક્ષ્યને પણ ખાઈ જાય છે.
આફ્રિકાના ગ્રામવાસીઓ આ કીડીઓ દ્વારા તેમનાં શિશુઓ ભરખાઈ જવાની વાતો કહે છે, જે કદાચ સાચી પણ હોઈ શકે. જ્યારે આ ડ્રાયવર કીડીઓનો સેનાપતિ કોઈક ઘરમાં પ્રવેશે ત્યારે તેમાં રહેલા લોકો જંગલમાં
ભાગી જાય છે અને આ કીડીઓ જતી ન રહે ત્યાં સુધી ત્યાં રહે છે. જ્યારે એ લોકો પાછા આવે, ત્યારે તેમને જોવા મળે કે તેમનાં ઘરોમાં એકેએક જેતુ અને કરોળિયો સાફ થઈ ચૂક્યા છે.