GSEB Solutions Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Equilibrium

Gujarat Board GSEB Textbook Solutions Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Equilibrium Textbook Questions and Answers.

Gujarat Board Textbook Solutions Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Equilibrium

GSEB Class 11 Chemistry Equilibrium Text Book Questions and Answers

A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
(a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
(b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
(c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Answer:
(a) The vapour pressure on the surface of the liquid initially decreases by the sudden increase in the volume of the container. V.P. will decrease.

(b) On increasing the volume of the container suddenly, initially the rate of evaporation remains constant. However, due to increase in the volume of the vapour, the rate of condensation decreases or it will be low.

(c) When equilibrium is restored finally, the rate of evaporation will again be equal to the rate of condensation. The final vapour pressure will be the same as it was before the sudden increase in the volume of the container as V.P. does not depend upon volume.

Question 2.
What is K_C for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium concentration of each substance is : [SO₂] = 0.60 M, [O_C] = 0.82 M and [SO₃] = 1.90 M?
2SO₂(g) +O₂(g) ⇌ 2SO₃(g)
Solution:

Question 3.
At a certain temperature and total pressure of 10⁵ Pa, iodine vapour contains 40% by volume of I atoms
I₂(g) ⇌2I (g)
Calculate K_p for the equilibrium.
Solution:
I₂(g) ⇌ 2I (g)
Total pressure = 10⁵ Pa
Since out of total volume, 40% by volume are I atoms
∴ 60% are I₂ molecules (gaseous)

Question 4.
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K_C for each of the following reactions :
(i) 2NOCl(g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + Cl₂ (g)
(ii) 2Cu[NO₃]2 (s) ⇌ 2CuO (s) + 4NO₂ (g) + O₂ (g)
(iii) CH₃COOC₂H₅ (aq) + H₂O (l) ⇌ CH₃COOH (aq) + C₂H₅OH (aq)
(iv) Fe³⁺ (aq) + 3OH^– (aq) Fe(OH)₃ (s)
(v) I₂ (s) + 5F₂ ⇌ 2IF₅.
Solution:
(i) K_C = \(\frac{[\mathrm{NO}]^{2}\left[\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right]}{[\mathrm{NOCl}]^{2}}\) where, [NO], [NOCl] represents molar concentfations.

Question 5.
Find out the value of K_C for each of the following equilibria from the value of K .
(i) 2NOCl (g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + Cl₂(g); K_p = 1.8 x 10^-2 at 500 K
(ii) CaCO₃ (s) ⇌ CaO (s) = CO₂ (g); K_p = 167 at 1073 K
Solution:
(i) 2NOCl (g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + Cl₂ (g)
K_p = 1.8 x 10^-2 at 500 K
∆n = change in the no. of moles (gaseous)
= [2 + 1] – 2 = 1
∴ K = K_C x (RT)^∆n [ R = 0.0821 L atm mol^-1 ]
or 1.8 x 10^-2 = K_C x (RT)¹
or K_C = \(\frac{1.8 \times 10^{-2}}{\mathrm{RT}}\)
= \(\frac{1.8 \times 10^{-2}}{0.0821 \times 500}\)
= 4.4 x 10^-4

(ii) CaCO₃(s) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO₂(g)
K_p = 167 at 1073 K; Here ∆n = 1
∴K_C = \(\frac{K_{p}}{R T}\)
= \(\frac{167}{0.0821 \times 1073}\)
= 1.90

Question 6.
For the following equilibrium, K_C = 6.3 x 10¹⁴ at 1000 K
NO (g) + O₃(g) ⇌ NO₂(g) + O₂(g)
Both the forward and reverse reactions in the equilibrium and elementary bimolecular reactions. What is K_C, for the reverse reaction?
Solution:
K_C = 6.3 x 10¹⁴ at 1000 K for the equilibrium
NO (g) + O₃ (g) ⇌ NO₂ (g) + O₂ (g)

Question 7.
Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium constant expression?
Answer:
By convention active mass of a pure solid is constant irrespective of its amount and if a pure liquid is present in excess (e.g. as a solvent) its active mass is also constant. In either case, we put their active mass equal to 1 (because their constant values are included in the equilibrium constant)
[Pure solid] = 1, [Pure liquid] = 1.

As density of a particular pure substance at a particular temperature is constant (being an intensive property depending only on the nature of the substance and not on the amount) and molecular mass of a substance is also constant, therefore, molar concentration is constant.

Question 8.
Reaction between N₂ and O₂ takes place as follows:
2N₂ (g) + O₂ (g) ⇌ 2N₂O (g)
If a mixture of 0.482 mol N₂ and 0.933 mol of O₂ is placed in a 10 L reaction vessel and allowed to form N₂O at a temperature for which K_C = 2.0 x 10^-37, determine the composition of equilibrium mixture.
Solution:
Given reaction is
2N₂ (g) + O₂ (g) ⇌ 2N₂O(g)

As K_C = 2.0 x 10^-37 is very small, this means that the amount of N₂ and O₂ reacted (x) is very small.
Hence at equilibrium, we have

Question 9.
Nitric oxide reacts with Br2 and gives nitrosyl bromide as per reaction given below :
2NO (g) + Br₂ (g) ⇌ 2NOBr (g)
When 0.087 mol of NO and 0.0437 mol of Br₂ are mixed in a closed container at constant temperature, 0.0518 mol of NOBr is obtained at equilibrium. Calculate equilibrium amount of NO and Br₂.
Solution:
2NO (g) + Br₂ (g) ⇌ 2NOBr (g)
Initial cone. 0.087 mol 0.0437 mol
Final cone. ? ? 0.0518
Equilibrium cone. (0.087 – 0.0518) (0.0437 – 0.0259)
= 0.0352 mol = 0.0178 mol
∴ Equilibrium amount of [NO] = 0.0352 mol
Equilibrium amount of [Br₂] = 0.0178 mol.

Question 10.
At 450 K, K_p = 2.0 x 10¹⁰/bar for the given reaction at equilibrium
2SO₂ (g) + O₂ (g) ⇌ 2SO₃ (g)
What is K_C at this temperature?
Solution:
The given equation is
2SO₂ (g) + Oz (g) ⇌ 2SO₃ (g)
∆n = 2 – [2 + 1]= – 1
∴ K_p = K_C x (RT)^-1
∴K_C = K_p x (RT)^-1
= 2.0 x 10¹⁰ x 0.0831 x 450
= 7.47 x 10¹¹L mol^-1
∴ K_C for the reaction at 450 K = 7.47 x 10¹¹ L mol^-1.

Question 11.
A sample of HI (g) is placed in flask ac a pressure of 0.2 atm. At equilibrium the partial pressure of HI (g) is 0.04 atm. What is K_p for the given equilibrium?
2HI (g) H₂ (g) + I₂ (g)
Solution:
2HI (g) H₂ (g) ⇌ H₂ (g) + I₂
At eqbm. pm = 0.04

Question 12.
A mixture of 1.57 mol of N₂, 1.92 mol of H₂ and 8.13 mol of NH₃ is introduced into a 20 L reaction vessel at 500 K. At this temperature, the equilibrium constant, K_C for the reaction N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇌ 2NH₃ (g) is 1.7 x 1O₂. Is the reaction mixture at equilibrium? If not, what is the direction of the net reaction?
Solution:
The given equation for the reaction between N₂ and H₂ to form NH₃ is
N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g)
K_C for the reaction is 1.7 x 10²
Concentration quotient (Q_C) for the reaction at any stage of the reaction, other than the chemical equilibrium is

= 2.37 x 10³
Since Q_C = 2.37 x 10³ and K_C = 1.7 x 10²
Q_C # K_C. The reaction mixture is not at equilibrium. As Q_C > K_C.
∴ Q_C will tend to decrease so as to become equal to K.
As a result the direction of the net reaction will be backwards.

Question 13.
The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is,
K = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right]^{4}\left[\mathrm{O}_{2}\right]^{5}}{[\mathrm{NC}]^{4}\left[\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right]^{6}}\)
Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.
Solution:
Here NH₃ and O₂ are products and NO and H₂O are reactants.
∴ The balanced chemical equation will be
4NO + 6H₂ ⇌ 4NH₃ + 6O₂

Question 14.
One mole of H₂O and one mole of CO are taken in 10 L vessel and heated to 725 K. At equilibrium 40% of water (by mass) reacts with CO according to the equation.
H₂O (g) + CO (g) ⇌ H₂ (g) + CO₂ (g)
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
Solution:

Question 15.
At 700 K, equilibrium constant for the reaction :
H₂ (g) + I₂ (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)
is 54.8. If 0.5 mol L^-1 of HI (g) is present at equilibrium at 700 K, what are the concentration of H₂ (g) and I₂ (g) assuming that we initially started with HI (g) and allowed it to reach equilibrium at 700 K?
Solution:
The equilibrium constant (K_C) for the reaction
H₂ (g) + I₂ (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)
is given as 54.8
∴ or the reaction
2HI (g) ⇌ H₂ (g) + I₂ (g)
the eqbm. constant (K’_C) will be = \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{~K}_{\mathrm{C}}}\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 54.8 }\)
at eqbm. [HI] = 0.5 mol L^-1
Let [H₂] = [I₂] = x mol L^-1
∴ K’_C = \(\frac { 1 }{ 54.8 }\) = \(\frac{x \times x}{(0.5)^{2}}\)
This gives the value of x = 0.068
[H₂] = [I₂] = 0.068 mol L^-1.

Question 16.
What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the substances in the equilibrium when the initial concentration of ICl was 0.78 M?
2ICl (g) ⇌ I₂ (g) + Cl₂ (g); K_C = 0.14
Solution:
The given reaction is 2ICI (g) ⇌ I₂ (g) + Cl₂ (g)

On solving for ‘a’
a = 0.21
∴ [I₂ (g)] = [Cl₂ (g)] = 0.21 M
∴ [ICl] = 0.78 – 0.42 = 0.36 M.

Question 17.
K_p = 0.04 atm at 899 K for the equilibrium shown below. What is the equilibrium concentration of C₂H₆ when it is placed in a flask at 4.0 atm pressure and allowed to come to equilibrium?
C₂H₆(g) ⇌ C₂H₄(g) + H₂ (g)
Solution:

∴ Eqbm. cone, of C₂H₆ (g) = (4.0 – 0.38) atm = 3.62 atm.

Question 18.
Ethyl acetate is formed by the reaction between ethanol and acetic acid and the equilibrium is represented as :
CH₃COOH (l) + C₂H₅OH (l) ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅(l) + H₂O (l)
(i) Write the concentration ratio (reaction quotient), Q_C , for this reaction (note : water is not in excess and is not a solvent in this reaction)
(ii) At 293 K, if one starts with 1.00 mol of acetic acid and 0.18 mol of ethanol, there is 0.171 mol of ethyl acetate in the final equilibrium mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
(iii) Starting with 0.5 mol of ethanol and 1.0 mol of acetic acid and maintaining it at 293 K, 0.214 mol of ethyl acetate is found after sometime. Has equilibrium been reached?
Solution:
The given reaction is
CH₃COOH (l) + C₂H₅OH (l) ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅(l) + H₂O (l)
H₂O is not in excess and is hot a solvent.
(i)

(ii) Initial cone.
[CH₃COOH(l)] = 1.00 mol
[C₂H₅OH (l)] = 0.18 mol
[COOC₂H₅(l)] = 0.171 mol

where V = vol. of container in L = 3.92
∴ Equilibrium constant = 3.92

(iii)

As Q_C ≠ K_C
∴ Equilibrium has not been attained.

Question 19.
A sample of pure gCl5 was introduced into an evacuated vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was attained, concentration of PCl₅ was found to be 0.5 x 10^-1 mol L^-1. If value of K_C is 8.3 x 10^-3, what are the concentrations of PCl₃ and Cl₂ at equilibrium?
PCl₅ (g) ⇌ PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g)
Solution:
PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ ⇌ PCl₅
0.05 mol L^-1
Let Eqbm. cone. [PCl₃] = [Cl₂] = x
As PCl₅ dissociates to give PCl₃ and Cl₂
∴ K_C = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{PCl}_{3}\right] \times\left[\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{PCl}_{5}\right]}\)
= \(\frac{x \times x}{0.5 \times 10^{-1}}\)
8.3 x 10^-3 x 0.5 x 10^-1 = x²
or x² = 4 x 10^-4 or x = 2 x 10^-2 mol K^-1
Hence the cone, of PCl₃ and Cl₂ at eqbm. = 0.02 mol L^-1.

Question 20.
One of the reaction that takes place in producing steel from iron ore is the reduction of iron (II) oxide by carbon monoxide to give iron metal and CO₂.
FeO (s) + CO (g) ⇌ Fe (s) + CO₂ (g); K_p = 0.265 atm at 1050 K.
What are the equilibrium partial pressures of CO and CO₂ at 1050 K if the initial partial pressures are : p_CO = 1.4 atm and PCO₂ = 0.80 atm?
Solution:

K_p = \(\frac{p_{\mathrm{CO}_{2}}}{p_{\mathrm{CO}}}\) as FeO (s) are solids and their pressures are taken = 1
0.265 = \(\frac { 0.8-x }{ 1.4+x }\)
On solving for x
x = 0.339
∴ Equilibrium partial pr. of CO (P_CO) = 1.4 + 0.339 = 1.739 atm.
Equilibrium partial of CO₂ [P_CO] = 0.800 – 0.339 = 0.461 atm.

Question 21.
Equilibrium constant, K_C for the reaction
N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇌ 2NH₃ (g)
at 500 K is 0.061 At a particular time, the analysis shows that composition of the reaction mixture is 3.0 mol L^-1 N₂, 2.0 mol L^-1 H₂ and 0.5 mol L^-1 NH₃. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not in which direction does the reaction tend to proceed to reach equilibrium?
Solution:
The given reaction is

Since K_C for the reaction is 0.061
As Q_C < K_C
No. the reaction is not at equilibrium.
The reaction will proceed to form more of the products.

Question 22.
Bromine monochloride, BrCl decomposes into bromine and chlorine and reaches the equilibrium :
2BrCl (g) ⇌ Br₂ (g) + Cl₂ (g)
for which K_C = 32 at 500 K. If initially pure BrCl is present at a concentration of 3.3 x 10^-3 mol L^-1, what is its molar concentration in the mixture at equilibrium?
Solution:
K_C = 32 for the reaction

Solving for x; x = 3.0 x 10^-3
At eqbm. [BrCl] = 3.3 x 10^-3 – 3.0 x 10^-3 x 10^-4 mol L^-1
= 3 x 10^-4 mol L^-1.

Question 23.
At 1127 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of CO and CO₂ in equilibrium with solid carbon has 90.55% CO by mass
C (s) + CO₂ (g) ⇌ 2CO (g)
Calculate K_C for this reaction at the above temperature.
Solution:
The reaction is
C(s) + CO₂(g) ⇌ 2C0(g)
If total mass of the mixture of CO and CO₂ is 100 g, then
CO = 90.55 g and CO₂ = 100 – 90.55 = 9.45 g

where R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1 T = 1127 K (given)
∆n^g = change in the no. of moles of the products – no. of moles of reactants
K_C = \(\frac{K_{p}}{R T}\)
= \(\frac { 14.19 }{0.0821 × 1127 }\)
= 0.153

Question 24.
Calculate (a) ∆G° and (b) the equilibrium constant for the formation of NO₂ from NO and O₂ at 298 K
NO (g) + 1/2 % O₂ (g) ⇌ NO₂ (g)
where ∆_fG° [NO₂] = 52.0 kJ/mol
∆_fG° [NO] = 87.0 kJ/mol
∆_fG° [O₂] = 0 kJ/mol.
Solution:
(a) The reaction is NO (g) + 1/2 % O₂ (g) ⇌ NO₂ (g)
∆G° reaction = ∆_fG° (NO₂) – ∆_fG° (NO) – \(\frac {1}{2 }\)∆G°_f (O₂)
= (52.0 – 87.0) kJ/mol^-1
= – 35.0 kJ mol^-1.

(b) To calculate K_C
– ∆G° = 2.303 RT log K_C
– (- 35.0) = 2.303 x 0.08314 x 298 log K_C
∴ l0g k_C = \(\frac { 35 }{ 5.7058 }\) = 6.134
∴ K_C = antilog 6.134 = 1.361 x 10⁶.

Question 25.
Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease or remain same when each of the following equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure by increasing the volume?
(a) PC15 (g) ⇌ PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g)
(b) CaO (s) + CO₂ (g) ⇌ CaCO₃ (s)
(c) 3Fe (s) + 4H₂O (g) ⇌ Fe₃O₄ (s) + 4H₂ (g)
Solution:
(a) PC15 (g) ⇌ PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g)
Since this reaction proceeds with an increase in volume, therefore when pressure is decreased, the equilibrium will shift in the forward direction and hence more of PCl₃ (g) and Cl₂ (g) will be formed.

(b) CaO (s) + CO₂ (g) ⇌ CaCO₃ (s)
This reaction proceeds with a decrease in volume when CaO (s). absorbs CO₂ (g) to form CaCO₃ (s). Hence when the pressure is lowered, the equilibrium will shift backwards.
Here the no. of moles of the products will decrease.

(c) 3Fe (s) + 4H₂O (g) ⇌ Fe₃O₄ (s) + 4H₂ (g)
The presence of Fe (s) and Fe₃O₄ (s) on the reactant and product side is not influenced by the decrease in pressure. As volume of H₂O (g) and H₂ (g) are present in the same ratio [4 : 4], there is no effect of decrease of pressure on the number of moles of products, i.e., they remain the same.

Question 26.
Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure? Also, mention whether change will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction.
(i) COCl₂ (g) ⇌ CO (g) + Cl₂ (g)
(ii) CH₄ (g) + 2S2 (g) ⇌ CS₂ (g) + 2H₂S (g)
(iii) CO₂ (g) + C (g) ⇌ 2CO (g)
(iv) 2H₂ (g) + CO (g) ⇌ CH₃OH (g)
(v) CaCO₃ (s) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO₂ (g)
(vi) 4NH₃ (g) + 5O₂ (g) ⇌ 4NO (g) + 6H₂O (g).
Solution:
In all the above reactions, the reaction no. (ii) proceeds with the same no. of moles on both sides
i.e., n_p = n_r = 3
∴ This reaction will not be effected by the increase in pressure
i. e., the direction of equilibrium will not be effected by the increase in pressure.
All other reactions will be effected by the increase in pressure.
(i) COCl₂ (g) ⇌ CO (g) + Cl₂ (g)
n_p > n_r
n_p = 2
n_r = 1
∴ Equilibrium will shift to the left in increasing pressure.
No effect of increase of pressure.

(iii) CO₂ (g) + C (g) ⇌ 2CO (g)
Here n_r = 1
n_p = 2
therefore n_p > n_r
∴Equilibrium will go to left on increase of pressure.

(iv) 2H₂ (g) + CO (g) ⇌ CH₃OH (g) .
Here n_r = 3
n_p = 1
therefore n_p < n_r
∴ Equilibrium will shift to the right on increasing pressure.

(v) CaCO₃ (s) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO₂ (g)
Here n_r = 0
n_p = 1
therefore n_p > n_r
∴ Equilibrium will shift backwards (left) on increasing the pressure.

(vi) 4NH₃ (g) + 5O₂ (g) ⇌ 4NO (g) + 6H₂O (g).
Here n_r = 9
n_p = 10
therefore n_p > n_r
∴ Equilibrium will shift backwards on increasing the pressure.

Question 27.
The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 1.6 x 10⁵ at 1024 K
H₂ (g) + Br₂ (g) ⇌ 2HBr (g)
Find the equilibrium pressure of all gases if 10.0 bar of HBr is introduced into a sealed container at 1024 K.
Solution:
2HBr (g) ⇌ H₂ (g) + Br₂ (g)
K = \(\frac{1}{1.6 \times 10^{5}}\)
2HBr (g) ⇌ H₂ (g) + Br₂ (g)

Hence at equilibrium \(p_{\mathrm{H}_{2}}\) = \(p_{\mathrm{Br}_{2}}\) = \(\frac { p }{ 2 }\)
= 2.5 x 10^-2 bar
P_HBr = 10 – p = 10 bar.

Question 28.
Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following endothermic reaction :
CH₄ (g) + H₂O (g) ⇌ CO (g) + 3H₂ (g)
(a) Write an expression of K_p for the above reaction.
(b) How will the values of K_p and composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by
(i) increasing the pressure
(ii) increasing the temperature
(iii) using a catalyst?
Solution:
The given reaction is endothermic (heat is absorbed) and is,
CH₄ (g) + H₂O (g) ⇌CO (g) + 3H₂ (g)
It is proceeding with ah increase in volume (reactants = 2 moles; products = 4 mols)

(a) K_p = \(\frac{p_{\mathrm{CO}} \times p_{\mathrm{H}_{2}}^{3}}{p_{\mathrm{CH}_{4}} \times p_{\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}}}\)

(b) (i) By Le Chatelier’s principle will shift in the backward direction on increasing the pressure.

(ii) By Le Chatelier’s principle, it will shift in the forward direction as the reaction is endothermic and is favoured by increase of temperature.

(iii) Equilibrium composition will not be disturbed but equilibrium will be attained quickly.

Question 29.
Describe the effect of :
(a) addition of H₂
(b) addition of CH₃OH
(c) removal of CO
(d) removal of CH₃ OH
on the equilibrium of the reaction :
2H₂ (g) + CO (g) ⇌ CH₃OH (g)
Solution:
The given reaction is –
2H₂ (g) + CO (g) ⇌ CH₃OH (g)
(a) Addition of H₂ will shift the equilibrium in the forward direction, i.e., more of CH₃OH will be formed.
(b) Addition of CH₃ OH will shift the reaction backwards, i.e., more of H₂ (g) and CO (g) will be formed.
(c) Removal of CO will shift the equilibrium backwards.
(d) Removal of CH₃OH will shift the equilibrium forwards.

Question 30.
At 473 K, equilibrium constant K_C for decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl₅ is 8.3 x 10^-3. If decomposition is depicted as
PCl₅ (g) ⇌ PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g); ∆_rH° = 124.0 kJ mol^-1
(a) write an expression for K_C for the reaction
(b) what is the value of K_C for the reverse reaction at the same temperature?
(c) what would be the effect on K_C if (i) more PCl₅ is added (ii) pressure is increased (iii) the temperature is increased?
Solution:
PCl₅ (g) ⇌ PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g); ∆_rH° = 124.0 kJ mol^-1
K_C for the reaction at 473 K = 8.3 x 10^-3

(c) (i) If more of PCl₅ is added, it will not effect K_C as K_C is constant at constant temperature.

(ii) No effect.

(iii) As the reaction is endothermic, on increasing the temperature, K_f will increase. As K_C = K_f/K_b, it will increase with increase in temperature.

Question 31.
Dihydrogen gas used in Haber’s process is produced by reacting methane from natural gas with high temperature steam. The first stage of two stage reaction involves the formation of CO and Hr In second stage, CO formed in first stage is reacted with more steam in water gas shift reaction.
CO (g) + H₂O (g) ⇌ CO₂ (g) + H₂ (g)
If a reaction vessel at 400°C is charged with an equimolar mixture of CO and steam such that p_CO = PH₂O = 4.0 bar, what will be the partial pressure of H₂ at equilibrium? K_p = 10.1 at 400° C.
Solution:
The given reaction is

Question 32.
Predict which of the following reaction will have appreciable concentration of reactants and. products :
(a) Cl₂ (g) ⇌ 2Cl (g); K_C = 5 x 10^-30
(b) Cl₂ (g) + 2NO (g) ⇌ 2NOCl (g); K_C = 3.7 x 10⁸
(c) Cl₂ (g) + 2NO₂ (g) ⇌ 2NO₂Cl (g); K_C = 1.8
Solution:
(a) As K_C = 5 x 10^-39. It is very very low
Conc. of Cl₂ is high.
∴ cone, of products, i.e., 2 Cl (g) is extremely low.

(b) K_C = 3.7 x 10⁸. As value of K_C is very high. Therefore the concentration of products, i.e., NOCl is very high.

(c) K_C = 1.8; cone, of products, i.e., NO₂Cl is somewhat higher than the reactants.

Question 33.
The value of K_C for the reaction 3O₂ (g) ⇌ 2O₃ (g) is 2.0 x 10^-50 at 25°C. If the equilibrium concentration of O₂ in air at 25°C is 1.6 x 10_-2, what is the concentration of O₃?
Solution:
K_C for the reaction

Question 34.
The reaction, CO (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇌ CH₄ (g) + H₂O (g) is at equilibrium at 1300 K in a 1 L flask. It also contain 0.30 mol of CO, 0.10 mol of H₂ and 0.2 mol of H₂O and an unknown amount of CH₄ in the flask. Determine the concentration of CH₄ in the mixture. The equilibrium constant, K_C for the reaction at the given temperature is 3.90.
Solution:
The given reaction is

Question 35.
What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following species:
HNO₂, CN^–, HClO₄, F^–, OH^–, CO₃^2-, and S^2-.
Solution:
Conjugate acid-base pair: A conjugate pair of acid and a base differs by a proton only, i.e.,
Conjugate acid ⇌ Conjugate base + H⁺
HNO₂ has a conjugate base NO₂^–
CN^– has a conjugate acid HCN
HClO₄ has a conjugate base ClO₄^–
F^– has a conjugate acid HF
OH^– is the conjugate base of H₂O. OH^– has a conjugate base O^-2.
CO^2-₃ is the conjugate base of HCO^–₃ or HCO^–₃ is the conjugate acid of CO₃^2-.
S^2- has the conjugate acid HS^–.

Question 36.
Which of the following are Lewis acids? H₂O, BF₃ H⁺, and NH₄⁺.
Solution:
BF₃ H⁺, and NH₄⁺.
[Lewis acid is a substance (molecule or ion) which has a tendency to accept a pair of electrons].

Question 37.
What will be the conjugate bases for the Bronsted acids : HF, H₂SO₄ and HCO^–₃?
Solution:
HF : its conjugate base is F^–.
H₂SO₄ : its conjugate base is HSO^–₄
HCO^–₃ : its conjugate base is CO^2-₃.

Question 38.
Write the conjugate acids for the following Bronsted bases : NH^–₂, NH₃ and HCOO^–.
Solution:
NH^–₂ its conjugate acid is NH₃
NH₃ : its conjugate acid is NH⁺₄
HCOO^– : its conjugate acid is HCOOH.

Question 39.
The species : H₂O, HCO^–₃, HSO^–₄ and NH₃ can act
both as Bronsted acids and bases. For each case give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
Solution:
(i) H₂O has a conjugate acid of H₃O⁺. H₂O has a conjugate base of OH^–.

(ii) HCO^–₃ has a conjugate acid of’H₂CO₃ and HCO^–₃ has a conjugate base of CO^2-₃.

(iii) HSO^–₄ has a conjugate acid of H₂SO₄. HSO^–₄ has a conjugate base of SO^2-₄.

(iv) NH₃ has a conjugate acid of NH⁺₄ . NH₃ has a conjugate base of NH^–₂.

Question 40.
Classify the following species into Lewis acids ad Lewis bases and show how these act as Lewis acid/base :
(a) OH^–
(b) F^–
(c) H⁺
(d) BCl₃.
Solution:
(a) OH^– is the Lewis base because it can donate a pair of electrons

(b) \(\overline{F}\) is the Lewis base as it can furnish a pair of electrons.

(c) H⁺ is the Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons.

(d) BCl₃ is the Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons

Question 41.
The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 x 10^-3M. What is its pH?
Solution:
pH = – log [H₃0⁺] = – log 3 8 x 10^-3
= – (- 3) log 10 – log 3.8
= 3.0 – 0.5798 [log 10 = 1]
pH = 2.42.

Question 42.
The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion in it.
Solution:
pH = – log [H⁺]
3.76 = – log [H⁺]
or log [H⁺] = – 3.76
= – 3 – 1 + 1 – 0.76 = \(\bar { 4 }\).24
∴ [H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 4 }\).24
= 1.74 x 10^-4 M
Thus hydrogen ion concentration [H⁺] = 1.74 x 10^-4 M.

Question 43.
The ionization constant of HF, HCOOH and HCN at 298 K are 6.8 x 10^-4, 1.8 x 10^-4 and 4.8 x 10^-9 respectively. Calculate the ionization constants of the corresponding conjugate base.
Solution:
K_a x K_b = K_u
where K_a = dissociation ionisation constant of a weak acid
K_b = Ionisation constant of its conjugate base
K_u = Ionic product of water = 1.0 x 10^-14 at 298 K

Question 44.
The ionization constant of phenol is 1.0 x 10^-10. What is the concentration of phenolate ion in 0.05 M solution of phenol? What will be its degree of ionization if the solution is also 0.01 M in sodium phenolate?
Solution:
Ionisation constant of phenol = 1.0 x 10^-10

In the presence of 0.01 M sodium benzoate, let y be the amount of phenol dissociated, then at eqbm.
[C₆H₅OH] = 0.05 – y = 0.05;
[C₆H₅O^–] = 0.01 + y = 0.01; [H⁺] = y Mol.
∴ K_a= 0.01 x y/0.05 = 1.0 x 10^-10 [Given]
∴ y = 5 x 10^-10; α = \(\frac { y }{ c }\) = 10^-8.

Question 45.
The first ionization constant of H₂S is 9.1 x 10^-8. Calculate the concentration of HS^– ion in its 0.1 M solution. How will this concentration be affected if the solution is 0.1 M in HCl also? If the second dissociation constant of H₂S is 1.2 x 10^-13, calculate the concentration of S^2- under both conditions.
Solution:

In presence of 0.1 M HCl, suppose H₂S dissociated is y. Then at eqbm.
[H₂S] = (0.1 – y) = y; [H⁺] = 0.1 + y = 0.1; [ [H\(\bar { S }\)] = y Mol
∴ 9.1 x 10^-8 = \(\frac{0.1 \times[\mathrm{HS}]}{0.1}\) = \(\frac {0.1×y }{ 0.1 }\)
or y = 9.1 x 10^-8 M
or [H\(\bar { S }\)] in 0.1 M HCl = 9.1 x 10^-8
H₂ ⇌ H⁺ + HS^– … \(\mathrm{K}_{a_{1}}\) = 9.1 x 10^-8
[H\(\bar { S }\)] ⇌ H⁺ + S^2- \(\mathrm{K}_{a_{2}}\) = 1.2 x 10^-13
∴ K_a = \(\mathrm{K}_{a_{1}}\) x \(\mathrm{K}_{a_{2}}\)
= 9.1 x 10^-8 x 1.2 x 10^-13
= 1.092 x 10^-20
For the 2nd Case
To calculate [S^2-]
K_a = [H⁺]²[S^2-]/[H₂S]
In the absence of 0.1 M HCl
[H⁺] = 2[S^2-]
Hence [S^2-] = x; [H⁺] = 2x
∴ \(\frac{(2 x)^{2} \times x}{0.1}\) = 1.092 x 10^-20
or x = 6.5 x 10^-8 M
In the presence of 0.1 M HCl

Question 46.
The ionization constant of acetic acid is 1.74 x 10^-5. Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic acid in its 0.05 M solution. Calculate the concentration of acetate ion in the solution and its pH.
Solution:

Question 47.
It has been found that the pH of a 0.01 M solution of an organic acid is 4.15. Calculate the concentration of the anion, the ionization constant of the acid and its pK_a.
Solution:
Organic acid HA ⇌ H⁺ + A^–
p^H = 4.15 (given); c = [HA] = 0.01 M
∴ [H⁺] = + 10^-pH or – log [H⁺] = 4.15
log [H⁺] = – 4.15 = \(\bar { 5 }\).85
∴ [H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 5 }\).85 = 7.079 x 10^-5
∴ Cone, of anion [A^–] = [H⁺] = 7.08 x 10^-5 M
∴ K_a = (7.08 x 10^-5)²/0.01 = 5.08 x 10^-7
p^Ka = – log K_a = – log 5.08 x 10^-7= 6.29.

Question 48.
Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions :
(a) 0.0O₃ M HCl
(b) 0.005 M NaOH
(c) 0.0O₂ M HBr
(d) 0.0O₂ M KOH.
Solution:
(a) HCl (aq) → Hr⁺ (aq) + Cl⁰ (aq)
[HCl] = 0.0O₃ M
As HCl is completely dissociated into H⁺ ions
∴ [H⁺] = [HCl] = 0.003 M
p^H = – log[H⁺] = – log 3 x 10^-3
= -(- 3) log 3 = 3 – log 3 = 3 – 0.477 = 2.523.

(b) NaOH (aq) → Na⁺ (aq) + OH^– (aq)
[NaOH] = 0.005 = 5 x 10^-3 M
[OH^–] = [NaOH] = 5 x 10^-3 M

Question 49.
Calculate the pH of the following solutions :
(a) 2 g of TlOH dissolved in water to give 2 litre of solution.
(b) 0.3 g of Ca(OH)₂ dissolved in water to give 500 mL of solution.
(c) 0.3 g of NaOH dissolved in water to give 200 mL of solution.
(d) 1 ml of 13.6 M HCl is diluted to give 1 litre of solution.
Solution:
(a) TlOH ⇌ Tl⁺ + OH^–
[TlOH] = \(\frac { 2 }{ 221×2 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 221 }\) m L^-1 [TlOH = 204 + 16 + 1 = 221]
∴ [O\(\bar { H }\)] = assuming complete dissociation

(d) 1 ml of 13.6 M HCl is diluted to give 1 litre of solution HCl is completely dissociated to give H⁺ ions
[HCl] = ?
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
1 ml of 13.6 M HCl = 100 ml of M₂ molarity
∴ M₂ = \(\frac { 1×13.6 }{ 1000 }\) = 0.0136 M
∴ [HCl] = [H⁺] = 0.0136 M
p^H = – log [H⁺] = – log 1.36 x 10^-2
= – (- 2) – log 1.36
= 2 – 0.13
= 1.87

Question 50.
The degree of ionization of a 0.1 M bromoacetic acid solution is 0.132. Calculate the p^H of the solution and the pK_a of bromoacetic acid.
Solution:
α (Degree of Ionisation) = 0.132
c (molar cone.) = 0.1 M

∴ [H⁺] = c x α = 0.1 x 0.132 = 0.0132
p^H = – log [H⁺] = – log 1.32 x 10^-2
= – ( – 2) – log 1.32 = 2 – 0.12
= 1.88
p^ka = – logK_a
Now K_a = cα²
K_a = 0.1 x (0.132)² = 1.74 x 10^-3
∴ p^ka = – log 1.74 x 10^-3
= – (- 3) – log 1.74
= 3 – 0.24
= 2.76

Question 51.
The pH of 0.005 M codeine [C₁₈H₂₁NO₃] solution is 9.95. Calculate its ionization constant and pK_b.
Solution:
Molar cone, of codeine = 0.005 M .
pH = 9.95
∴ log [H⁺] – 9.95 = \(\bar { 10 }\).05
∴ [H⁺] = 1.12 x 10^-10

Question 52.
What is the pH of 0.001 M aniline solution? The ionization constant of aniline is 4.27 x 10^-10. Calculate the degree of ionization of aniline in the solution. Also calculate the ionization constant of the conjugate acid of aniline.
Solution:
Cone, (c) of aniline solution = 0.001 M
K_b (aniline) = 4.27 x 10^-10

Question 53.
Calculate the degree of ionization of 0.05 M acetic acid if its pK value is 4.74. How is the degree of dissociation affected when its solution also contains (a) 0.01 M HCl (b) 0.1 M in HCl?
Solution:
p^Ka for CH₃COOH = 4.74
4.74 = p^Ka = – log K_a
∴ K_a = antilog \(\bar { 5 }\).26 = 1.82 x 10^-5
Molar cone, of acetic acid = 0.05 M

(a) To calculate the value of a in presence of 0.01 M HCl
If α is the amount dissociated

(b) In 0.1 M HCl
Let y is the amount dissociated.
[H⁺] = 0.1 M + y ≈ 0.1 M
α = 1.82 x 10^-4

Question 54.
The ionization constant of dimethylamine is 5.4 x 10^-4. Calculate its degree of ionization in its 0.O₂ M solution. What percentage of dimethylamine is ionized if the solution is also 0.1 M in NaOH?
Solution:
K_a for dimethylamine = 5.4 x 10^-4
Molar cone. (c) = 0.02 M

(ii) In the presence of 0.1 M NaOH, if x is the amount of dimethylamine dissociated,

Question 55.
Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following biological fluids whose pH are given below :
(a) Human muscle-fluid, 6.83
(b) Human stomach fluid, 1.2
(c) Human blood, 7.38
(d) Human saliva, 6.4.
Solution:
(a) p^H of human muscle fluid = 6.83
p^H = – log [H⁺]
6.83 = – log [H⁺];
[H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 7 }\).17 = 1.479 x 10^-7 M

(b) Stomach-fluid
– log [H⁺] = 1.2
∴ [H⁺] = antilog 2.8 = 6.3 x 10^-2 = 0.063 M.

(c) Human blood
p^H = 7.38
– log [H⁺] = 7.38
or log [H⁺] = – 7.38 = \(\bar { 8 }\).62
∴ [H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 8 }\).62 = 4.17 x 10^-8 M

(d) Human saliva
p^H = 6.4
∴ – log [H⁺] = 6.4
or [H⁺ = antilog \(\bar { 7 }\).6 = 3.98 x 10^-7 M]

Question 56.
the pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8 respectively. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.
Solution:
(a) Milk pH = 6.8
– log [H⁺] = – 6.8 = \(\bar { 7 }\).2
∴ [H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 7 }\).2 = 1.5 x 10^-7 M.

(b) Black coffee pH = 5.0
– log [H⁺] = 5.0
log [H⁺] = – 5 = \(\bar { 5 }\).0000
∴ [H⁺] = 10^-5 M.

(c) Tomato juice p^H = 4.2
– log [H⁺] = 4.2
∴ log [H⁺] = – 4.2= \(\bar { 5 }\).8
∴ [H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 5 }\).8 = 6.31 x 10^-5 M.

(d) Lemon juice pH = 2.2
– log [H⁺] = 2.2
log [H⁺] = – 2.2 = \(\bar { 3 }\).8
[H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 3 }\).8 = 6.31 x 10^-3 M.

(d) Egg-white pH = 7.8
– log [H⁺] = 7.8
∴ log [H⁺] = – 7.8 = \(\bar { 8 }\).2
[H⁺] = antilog \(\bar { 8 }\).2 = 1.5 x 10^-8 M.

Question 57.
If 0.561 g of KOH is dissolved in water to give 200 mL of solution at 298 K. Calculate the concentrations of potassium, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. What is its pH?
Solution:
Molar cone, of KOH = \(\frac{0.561 \times 1000}{56.1 \times 200}\) = 0.05 M
KOH, being a strong electrolyte, is completely ionised in aqueous solution.
∴ KOH (aq) → K⁺ (aq) + O\(\bar { H }\) (aq)
[KOH] = [K⁺] = [OH^–] = 0.05 M
Now [H⁺] = \(\frac{\mathrm{K}_{w}}{\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right]}\)
= \(\frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{0.05}\)
= 2.0 x 10^-13 M
∴ p^H = – log [H⁺] = – log 2.0 x 10^-13
= – (- 13) – log 2 = 13 – 0.30
p^H = 12.7

Question 58.
The solubility of Sr[OH]₂ at 298 K is 19.23 g/L of solution. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.
Solution:
The solubility of Sr (OH)₂ at 298 K = 19.23 g L^-1
Molar concentration dissolved

Question 59.
The ionization constant of propanoic acid is 1.32 x 10^-5. Calculate the degree of ionization of the acid in its 0.05 M solution and also its pH. What will be its degree of ionization if the solution is 0.01 M in HCl also?
Solution:

∴ degree of ionisation = 1.62 x 10^-2
[H⁺] = cα = 0.05 x 1.62 x 10^-2
= 8.1 x 10^-4
p^H = – log [H⁺] = – log 8.1 x 10^-4
= – (- 4) – log 8.1
= 4 – log 8.1
p^H = 3.09.
Degree of ionisation if the solution is 0.01 M in HCl also.
In presence of HCl,. eqbm. will shift in backward direction i.e., concentration of CH₃CH₂COOH will decrease.
If c is the initial concentration and x is the amount of CH₃CH₂COOH now dissociated, then at eqbm.
[CH₃CH₂COOH] = c – x
[CH₃CH₂CO\(\bar { O }\)] = x; [H⁺] = 0.01 + x

Question 60.
The pH of 0.1 M solution of cyanic acid [HCNO] is 2.34. Calculate the ionization constant of the acid and its degree of ionization in the solution.
Solution:
pH = 2.34
Molar cone, (c) = 0.1 M

Question 61.
The ionization constant of nitrous acid is 4.5 x 10^-4. Calculate the pH of 0.04 M sodium nitrite solution and also its degree of hydrolysis.
Solution:
Hydrolysis constant K_h = \(\frac{\mathrm{K}_{w}}{\mathrm{~K}_{a}}\)
where K_w = Ionic product of water, K_a = Ionisation constant of the acid

Question 62.
A 0.02 M solution of pyridinium hydrochloride has pH = 3.44. Calculate the ionization constant of pyridine.
Solution:
Pyridinium hydrochloride is the salt of a vyeak base pyridine and a strong acid HCl. Hence,

Question 63.
Predict if the solutions of the following salts are neutral, acidic or basic :
NaCl, KBr, NaCN, NH4NOJ, NaNO₂ and KF.
Solution:

• NaCl : Its solution is neutral as it is the salt of a strong acid and a strong base.
• KBr : Its solution is neutral as it is the salt of strong acid HBr and a strong base KOH.
• NaCN : Its solution is basic as it is the salt of a strong base NaOH and a weak acid HCN.
• NH₄NO₃ : Its solution is acidic as it is the salt of a strong acid HNO₃ and a weak base NH₄OH.
• NaNO₂ : Its solution is basic as it is the salt of a strong base NaOH and a weak acid HNO₂.
• KF : Its solution is basic as it is the salt of a weak acid HF and a strong base KOH.

Question 64.
The ionization constant of chloroacetic acid is, 1.35 x 10^-3. What will be the pH of 0.1 M acid and its 0.1 M sodium salt solution?
Solution:
The given reaction is

Sodium salt of chloroacetic acid is a salt of strong base NaOH and a weak acid chloroacetic acid [CH₂ClCOOH]

Question 65.
Ionic product of water at 310 K is 2.7 x 10^-14. What is the pH of neutral water at this temperature?
Solution:
At 310 K; Ionic product of water
K_w = 2.7 x 10^-14
∴ [H⁺ x [OH^–] = 2.7 x 10^-14
But in neutral water [H⁺] = [OH^–]
∴ [H⁺]² = 2.7 x 10^-14
or [H⁺] = \(\sqrt{2.7 \times 10^{-14}}\) = 1.64 x 10^-7 M
P^H = – log [H⁺] = – log 1.64 x 10^-7
= – (- 7) – log 1.64
= 7 – 0.215
= 6.785.

Question 66.
Calculate the pH of the resultant mixtures :
(a) 10 mL of 0.2 M Ca[OH]₂ + 25 mL of 0.1 M HCl
(b) 10 mL of 0.01 M H₂SO₄ + 10 mL of 0.01 M Ca[OH]₂
(c) 10 mL of 0.1 M H₂SO₄ + 10 mL of 0.1 M KOH.
Solution:
(a) 10 mL of 0.2 M Ca(OH)₂ = 10 x 0.2 millimoles = 2 millimoles
25 mL of 0.1 M HCl – 25 x 0.1 millimoles
= 2.5 millimoles
Ca(OH)₂ + 2 HCl → CaCl₂ + 2H₂O
0.1 millimoles of Ca(OH)₂ reacts with 2 millimoles of HCl
∴ 2.5 millimoles of HCl will react with 1.25 millimoles of Ca(OH)₂
∴ Ca(OH)₂2 left – 2 – 1.25 = 0.75 millimoles
Total volume of the solution = 10 + 25 = 35 mL
∴ Molarity of Ca(OH)₂ in the mixture solution
= \(\frac { 0.75 }{ 35 }\) M = 0.0214 M
∴ [OH^–] = 2 x 0.O₂14 = 0.O₄28 M
= 4.28 x 10^-2 M
p^OH = – log 4.28 x 10^-2 = 1.37
∴ p^H = 14 – 1.37 = 12.63

(b) 10 mL of 0.01 M H₂SO₄ will give 10 mL of 0.02 M H⁺
10 mL of 0.01 M Ca(OH)₂ will give 10 ml of 0.02 M OH
10 ml of 0.02 M H⁺ will neutralize 10 ml of 0.02 M OH ions
There will be left no H⁺ ions or OH -ions of acid or base
∴ Solution will be neutral on its p^H = 7.

(c) 10 ml of 0.1 M H₂SO₄ will give 10 ml of 0.2 M H⁺
10 ml of 0.1 M KOH will give 10 ml of 0.1 M O\(\bar { H }\)
∴ Solution will be left with 0.1 M H⁺ in 10 mL
[H⁺] = \(\frac { 0.1×10 }{ 1000 }\) = 1.0 x 10^-3
Hence p^H = – log [H⁺] = – log 10^-3 = 3

Question 67.
Determine the solubilities of silver chromate, barium* chromate, ferric hydroxide, lead chloride and mercurous iodide at 298 K from their solubility product constants given in Table 7.9. Determine also the molarities of individual ions.
Solution:

Molarity of Ag⁺ = 2s = 1.30 x 10^-4 M and CrO^2-₄ = 0.65 x 10^-4.
Barium Chromate

Molarity of both Ba²⁺ and CrO^2- ₄ = s = 1.1 x 10^-5 M
Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)₃ ⇌ Fe³⁺ + 3OH

Mercurous Iodide

Question 68.
The solubility product constant of Ag₂CrO₄ and AgBr are 1.1 x 10^-12 and 5.0 x 10^-13 respectively. Calculate the ratio of the molarities of their saturafed solutions.
Solution:
Suppose the solubility of AgBr is s M

∴ Solubility of Ag₂CrO₄ = 6.5 x 10^-5 M
It is clear from above that solubility of Ag2CrO₄ is more than that of AgBr.
The ratio of their molarities in their saturated solutions is 91.9 in favour of Ag₂CrO₄.

Question 69.
Equal volumes of 0.002 M solutions of sodium iodate and cupric chlorate are mixed together. Will it lead to precipitation of copper iodate? (For cupric iodate K_sp = 7.4 x 10^-8).
Solution:
2NaIO₃ + Cu(ClO₃)₂ → Cu(IO₃)₂ + 2NaClO₃
Molar cone, of both solutions before mixing = 0.002.
Molar cone, of both solutions after mixing
[IO^–₃] = [Cu²⁺] = \(\frac { 0.002 }{ 2 }\) = 0.001 M
(as they have equal volumes)
2[IO^–₃ + Cu²⁺ → Cu(IO₃)₂
K_sp of (CuIO₃)₂ = 7.4 x 10^-8
[Cu²⁺] = 0.001 M
[IO^–₃] = 0.001 M
Ionic Product = [Cu²⁺] [IO^–₃]²
= 10^-3 x (1 x 10^-3)² = 1.0 x 10^-9.
Since the Ionic product is less than the solubility product.
∴ No precipitation will occur.

Question 70.
The ionization constant of benzoic acid is 6.46 x 10^-5 and K_sp for silver benzoate is 2.5 x 10^-13. How many times is silver benzoate more soluble in a buffer of pH 3.19 compared to its solubility in pure water?
Solution:
C₆H₅COO Ag ⇌ C₆H₅ CO\(\bar { O }\) + Ag⁺
Solubility in water
Suppose solubility of silver benzoate in water = x mol ^-L

Solubility in buffer of p^H = 3.19
3.19 = – log [H⁺]
∴ log [H⁺] = – 3.19 = \(\bar { 4 }\).81
∴ [H⁺] = antilog 4.81
[H⁺] = 6.457 x 10^-4
C6H₅ CO\(\bar { O }\) ions now combine with H⁺ ions to form benzoic acid but [H⁺] remains almost constant because we have buffer solution.

Suppose solubility in the buffer solution is y mol L^-1. Then as most of the benzoate ions are converted to benzoic acid molecules (which remain almost ionised), we have
V = [Ag⁺] = [C₆H₅COO^–]+[C₆H₅COOH]
= [C₆H₅ CO\(\bar { O }\)] + 10[C₆H₅COOH],
using equation (1) above

Thus silver benzoate is 3.32 times more-soluble at lower p^H.

Question 71.
What is the maximum concentration of equimolar solutions of ferrous sulphate and sodium sulphide so that when mixed in equal volumes, there is no precipitation of iron sulphide? (For iron sulphide, K = 6.3 x 10^-18).
Solution:
Suppose the concentration of each of FeSO₄ and Na₂S is x mol L^-1. Then after mixing equal volumes

Thus the highest molarity for the solution is 2.5 x 10^-9 M.

Question 72.
What is the maximum volume of water required to dissolve 1 g of calcium sulphate at 298 K? (For calcium sulphate, K_sp is 9.1 x 10^-6).
Solution:
CaSO₄ (s) ⇌ Ca² (aq) + SO^2- (aq)
If s is the solubility of CaSO₄ in mol L^-1 then
K_sp = [Ca²⁺][SO^2-₄]
= s x s = s²
K_sp for CaSO₄ = 9.1 x 10^-6
∴ s² = 9.1 x 10^-6
or s = \(\sqrt{9.1 \times 10^{-6}}\)
= 3.02 x 10^-3 mol L^-1
Now molecular mass of CaSO₄
= 40 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 136 g
∴ s = 3.02 x 10^-3 x 136 g L^-1 = 0.41 g L^-1
Thus for dissolving 0.411 minimum water required = 1 L
∴ For‘dissolving 1 gm, water required = L\(\frac { 1 }{ 0.411 }\) L = 2.46 L.

Question 73.
The concentration of sulphide ion in 0.1 M HCl solution saturated with hydrogen sulphide is 1.0 x 10^-19 M. If 10 mL of this is added to 5 mL of 0.04 solution of the following : FeSO₄, MnCL₂ ZnCl₂ and CdCl₂ in which of these solutions precipitation will take place?
Solution:
Precipitation will take place in the solution for which ionic product is greater than the solubility product. As 10 mL of solution containing S^2- ion is mixed with 5 mL of metal salt solution, after mixing.

Thus Ionic product for each of these species
= 8.87 x 1^-22
This value of Ionic product is greater than the solubility products (K_sp) of ZnS (1.6 x 10^-24) and CdS (8.0 x 10^-27) and less than the values of FeS (6.3 x 10^-18) and that of MnS (2.5 x 10^-13)
Therefore out of the 4 species, only ZnCl₂ and CdCl₂ solutions will be precipitated.